Thousands of engagements. One standard.

One RTO approached CAQA because it wanted to provide meaningful professional development for its administrative, training and operational staff. The provider recognised that staff capability was not only a workforce issue. It was also a compliance, quality assurance and governance issue. Staff members were working across different functions, but the organisation wanted a more consistent understanding of regulatory expectations, competency-based training, assessment evidence, student support, customer service and internal quality systems.

CAQA began by surveying staff to understand their career goals, current role challenges, confidence levels and development needs. This gave the organisation an evidence-based understanding of its capability gaps rather than relying on assumptions. Staff felt included in the process because the program was built around their real needs, not imposed as a generic compliance session.

CAQA then delivered customised workshops supported by subject matter experts. Topics included project management, customer service, performance optimisation, risk management, compliance requirements, competency-based training, assessment systems and continuous improvement. The sessions were practical and used workplace examples, allowing participants to connect regulatory requirements to daily tasks.

The final stage involved follow-up coaching. Staff were able to ask questions, test their understanding and apply the learning to their own roles. This converted professional development from a one-off event into an implementation process.

The outcome was a stronger, more confident workforce. Staff morale improved, operational consistency increased, and the provider developed better evidence of staff development and compliance capability. The project demonstrated CAQA’s ability to design professional development that supports both organisational performance and regulatory expectations under the workforce and governance quality areas of the Standards for RTOs 2025.

The task was complex. Validation had to be planned, staffed, documented and quality assured. Assessment tools needed to be reviewed against training product requirements. Evidence had to be checked against the Rules of Evidence. Assessment judgements needed to be tested for consistency. The provider also needed a process that could withstand regulatory review.

CAQA was engaged to design and manage the validation process. CAQA’s Director acted as lead validator and managed a team of 72 experts, including CAQA consultants, internal training organisation staff, validators and subject matter experts. This blended model ensured the project had regulatory expertise, industry knowledge and operational understanding.

CAQA developed the validation plan, validation schedule, templates, reporting tools and quality assurance mechanisms. Each unit was reviewed against elements, performance criteria, performance evidence, knowledge evidence, assessment conditions, foundation skills and industry expectations. Where gaps were identified, CAQA documented practical recommendations that the provider could implement.

The project was completed within the agreed timeframe. More importantly, the RTO gained a stronger assessment system, improved mapping, better validation records and clearer evidence of continuous improvement. The work aligned with Standard 1.5 of the Standards for RTOs 2025, which requires assessment systems to be quality assured through validation of assessment practices and judgements, with validation undertaken by appropriately skilled and credentialled persons.

This case study shows the value of specialist validation expertise. Large-scale validation is not simply a paperwork exercise. It is a quality control process that protects students, assessors, employers and the integrity of nationally recognised training.

CAQA worked closely with the client to understand the learner profile, delivery mode, trainer requirements, assessment context and industry expectations. The provider needed resources that could be used confidently by trainers and understood by learners. The materials had to support compliance, but also encourage participation and practical application.

CAQA reviewed the relevant training product requirements and then customised the learning and assessment resources. The work included clearer learner instructions, practical examples, workplace scenarios, assessment tasks, assessor guidance and mapping documentation. The materials were structured to help learners understand what was expected, why the content mattered and how the skills applied in real workplace settings.

The provider saved significant time because it did not need to develop all materials internally. Trainers could focus on delivery and learner support rather than constantly modifying unsuitable resources. Learners found the materials easier to use and more engaging.

The result was a more successful training program with stronger learner participation and better delivery consistency. The project aligned with the training and assessment expectations of the Standards for RTOs 2025, including the requirement for training to be engaging, well-structured and consistent with the training product, and for assessment systems to be fit for purpose and consistent with training product requirements.

Training package transition is not a simple resource update. It affects enrolments, student progression, teach-out decisions, trainer readiness, assessment tools, learner resources, training and assessment strategies, mapping documents, timetables and student communication. The TAFE needed to manage the transition within the timeframe required by the regulator while minimising disruption to learners.

CAQA began by reviewing the superseded and new training package requirements. This included analysing qualification packaging rules, units of competency, performance evidence, knowledge evidence, assessment conditions and delivery requirements. CAQA then worked with the TAFE to determine which students could complete under teach-out arrangements and which students required transition to the new training product.

A tailored transition strategy was developed. This included student communication, resource updates, trainer briefing, compliance evidence, implementation timelines and monitoring arrangements. CAQA helped the TAFE create an orderly process that placed student progression and compliance evidence at the centre of the transition.

The transition was completed successfully within the required timeframe. The TAFE was able to manage thousands of affected students with reduced disruption and improved documentation. The project demonstrated the importance of combining regulatory knowledge with operational planning.

This case study shows that training package transitions must be treated as whole-of-provider projects. Done properly, they protect students, maintain scope integrity, support trainers and preserve the provider’s compliance position.

Before approaching CAQA, the provider had purchased materials from another supplier. The materials appeared to include training package wording, but the client found they lacked depth, explanation, learning value and applied context. The provider needed resources suitable for Graduate Diploma level delivery, where learners are expected to analyse complex information, apply specialised knowledge, solve advanced problems and make informed professional decisions.

CAQA reviewed the relevant training product requirements and designed resources that went beyond reworded compliance statements. The learner materials included detailed explanations, applied examples, workplace scenarios, case studies, reflective activities and advanced-level discussion. The assessment tools required learners to analyse, evaluate, justify and apply knowledge in practical and professional contexts.

For Engineering and Telecommunications, the resources addressed technical systems, standards, operational requirements and workplace problem-solving. For Management (Learning), the materials covered adult learning, organisational capability, learning strategy, leadership, evaluation and continuous improvement.

CAQA also developed assessor guides, benchmark responses and mapping documents to support consistency of assessment judgement. The assessment tasks were designed to collect valid, sufficient, authentic and current evidence.

The provider gained credible Graduate Diploma level resources that supported both learning and compliance. The project demonstrated CAQA’s ability to develop resources that reflect qualification level, industry expectations and the principles of sound assessment design.

Validation is one of the most important quality assurance processes in the VET sector. It confirms whether assessment tools, assessment practices and assessment judgements are producing outcomes consistent with the training product. It also helps providers identify weaknesses before they become audit findings or poor learner outcomes.

CAQA’s validation teams combine experienced validators, compliance specialists and subject matter experts. This ensures that each review considers regulatory requirements, industry currency, assessment design and practical delivery realities.

To date, CAQA has validated more than 28,600 assessment resources and validated and gap-filled more than 24,400 units of competency for training organisations across Australia. The work has included assessment tools, learner resources, mapping documents, assessor guides, practical tasks, workplace evidence requirements and validation records.

CAQA’s process examines the full assessment system. It checks whether tools address the elements, performance criteria, performance evidence, knowledge evidence, assessment conditions and foundation skills. It also tests whether the evidence collected is valid, sufficient, authentic and current, and whether assessment judgements are consistent and defensible.

The outcome for clients has been stronger assessment systems, improved resource quality, clearer mapping and reduced regulatory risk. This case study demonstrates CAQA’s long-standing role as a specialist validation partner for RTOs seeking quality assurance beyond superficial document review.

Trainer and assessor compliance is a high-risk area because it sits at the centre of training quality, assessment validity and student outcomes. The provider needed more than a template check. It needed to know whether its evidence framework captured credentials, vocational competency, industry currency, professional development, licences, clearances, digital capability and inclusive practice.

CAQA benchmarked the provider’s templates against its own trainer and assessor compliance suite across eighteen compliance features. The review identified fourteen gaps: five critical, six major and three minor. The critical gaps included the absence of a professional development planning framework, no coverage of digital delivery capability, no documentation of inclusive practice and LLN support, no compliance-ready evidence template, and no tracking of licences and clearances.

CAQA delivered a gap register, a feature-by-feature comparison and a staged implementation plan. The provider received a clear view of where its evidence base was exposed and what needed to change.

This work aligned with the Standards for RTOs 2025 workforce requirements, including the requirement that training and assessment be delivered by credentialled people with current skills and knowledge in training and assessment, and by persons with current industry skills and knowledge relevant to the training product. The Credential Policy also specifies credential requirements for delivery, assessment, direction and validation.

The provider moved from fragmented staff evidence to a more complete compliance framework.

Website migration creates real compliance risk. Course pages can be copied incorrectly, outdated content can remain live, accredited and non-accredited courses can become unclear, and scope claims can be misrepresented. For a public provider, the risk is not only regulatory. It is also reputational.

CAQA conducted a comprehensive website compliance audit against the Standards for RTOs 2025 and nationally recognised training logo conditions of use. The audit examined course pages, advertising claims, accredited and non-accredited course distinctions, student information, handbook content and scope representation.

CAQA also independently verified the provider’s scope of registration against the National Register and confirmed that the advertised qualifications reviewed were within current scope. Twelve findings were developed, with none assessed as critical or high risk.

The provider received a prioritised corrective action plan addressing moderate and low findings. More importantly, it received documented independent assurance that the new website carried no critical advertising or scope exposure.

This case study demonstrates the importance of proactive website audits. Public-facing information must be accurate, current and clear so students can make informed decisions. Under the 2025 Standards, student information must be clear, accurate and current, and students must have access to relevant course, fee, delivery, support and obligation information before enrolment.

The delegation consisted of fifteen master trainers participating in an Australia Awards study tour. They required an authoritative briefing on the Australian VET system, including regulation, training packages, qualifications, credentialling and quality assurance arrangements.

CAQA designed the session as a structured introduction to the national VET architecture. The session explained how the Australian system connects industry needs, training products, registered providers, assessment systems, trainer and assessor requirements, qualifications and regulatory oversight.

CAQA produced briefing papers and presentations covering the Australian standards, Australian Qualifications Framework, credential policy, regulatory environment and audit expectations. The materials were grounded in primary legislative sources and the national VET framework so delegates could continue to use them after the tour.

The session was delivered successfully and received strong feedback from the delegation. The university received a complete capability-building package, and the delegates left with a practical reference set they could apply in their own national training context.

This case study demonstrates CAQA’s ability to translate complex regulatory systems into practical professional learning for senior education stakeholders.

CAQA delivered an integrated support program. This included professional development, CEO-level training, guidance on the current standards, learning and assessment resources, LLN kits and compliance advice grounded in ISO systems and auditing experience.

The focus was not only on preparing documents. CAQA worked with the provider to improve leadership understanding, staff capability, learner support, assessment resources and quality systems. CEO-level training helped leadership understand that RTO compliance is a governance responsibility, not merely an administrative function.

CAQA also supplied resources and support tools that the provider could customise to its context. This helped the organisation rebuild the evidence needed to demonstrate readiness and capability.

With CAQA’s support, the provider rebuilt its application and its registration was successfully reinstated.

This case study demonstrates the value of combining governance, compliance, resource development and professional development when an RTO is under regulatory pressure. Effective rectification requires more than fixing isolated documents. It requires rebuilding the system that failed.

CAQA delivered a governance training program that combined core regulatory content with customised material relevant to the provider’s circumstances. The training explained director obligations, governance responsibilities, risk controls, training and assessment oversight, student protection, workforce compliance and continuous improvement.

The session was grounded in practical examples from CAQA’s active consulting work. This allowed the director to see how governance weaknesses emerge in real RTOs: incomplete trainer files, poor assessment validation, weak student support, unclear role allocation, inadequate management review and reactive compliance behaviour.

A separate participant in CAQA’s governance training noted that the facilitators tailored the delivery to the organisation and used practical case study examples throughout. This confirmed the value of applied governance training rather than theoretical boardroom content.

The client reported that the training closed knowledge gaps they had not previously identified. They became better equipped to make informed decisions while establishing and running the RTO.

Under the Standards for RTOs 2025, governance requires integrity, accountable leadership, clear roles, risk management and systematic continuous improvement. This case study shows how early governance training can prevent future compliance failures.

The provider’s original business plan assumed a faster movement into international delivery. The legislative change affected the entire pathway. It changed timing, revenue assumptions, staffing, student cohort planning, training and assessment strategies, facilities planning, policies and financial viability analysis.

CAQA prepared a comprehensive checklist and analysis identifying each affected element. The review covered the business plan, financial viability risk assessment, training and assessment strategies, policies and procedures, domestic delivery sequencing and CRICOS readiness.

Each item explained what needed to change and why. The provider received a clear plan to re-sequence the application pathway, strengthen domestic delivery planning and align its documentation with the new eligibility requirement.

This case study demonstrates why registration planning must be current. A pathway that was commercially attractive yesterday may become non-viable if legislation changes. CAQA helped the provider pause, re-plan and proceed on a defensible basis.

RTO closure is not simply a business exit. Until withdrawal is approved, the provider remains registered and legal obligations continue to apply. The regulator requires that a withdrawal application must explain arrangements for completion or transfer of current students, and that legal requirements continue until the withdrawal application is approved.

CAQA advised the provider across the full closure process. The first priority was students. Every enrolled student needed a documented pathway: completion through teach-out, formal transfer, certification where appropriate, communication and support.

CAQA also advised on records retention, scope review, National Register implications, outstanding regulatory fees and additional obligations where international students or CRICOS registration were involved. Regulatory guidance confirms that providers that close must transfer student records to the regulator, and official practice guidance also refers to long-term retention of AQF certification documentation and assessment evidence requirements.

The provider received a structured closure plan that placed student obligations first and addressed each regulatory requirement that continued to apply until withdrawal approval.

This case study shows that responsible closure requires governance discipline. A provider may be leaving the sector, but it must still protect students, preserve records and satisfy regulatory requirements until the process is complete.

The provider needed to understand the additional work required for an ELICOS application. ELICOS delivery requires careful planning of course structure, delivery arrangements, resources, teachers, student support, progress monitoring, attendance requirements, facilities and ESOS/CRICOS documentation. ESOS documentation requirements confirm that CRICOS course additions require attention to matters such as course duration, full-time study expectations and contact hours.

The shared campus issue added another layer of complexity. Where more than one CRICOS provider operates from the same premises, students, regulators and staff must be able to clearly identify which organisation is responsible for which course, students, records and services.

CAQA advised on campus demarcation, signage, timetabling, classroom capacity, student information, branding, record separation, reception arrangements and operational responsibility. CAQA also reviewed capacity planning against available classrooms and identified the financial viability work needed to support the proposed applications.

The provider received a workable plan for both the ELICOS addition and the shared campus arrangement. The plan identified operational and compliance considerations before the provider committed to application lodgement.

This case study demonstrates CAQA’s ability to connect registration strategy with practical campus operations.

CAQA developed the validation timetable, led the validation team, determined appropriate sample sizes and reviewed assessment tools, evidence and assessor decisions against training product requirements. The project examined whether assessment tools were consistent with unit requirements and whether assessment judgements were supported by valid, sufficient, authentic and current evidence.

The review also supported moderation by checking whether assessors were making consistent decisions across the qualifications. Where inconsistency or weakness was identified, CAQA recommended improvements to assessor guidance, benchmark answers, instructions, evidence requirements and validation follow-up.

The provider received an independent validation report with clear findings and a prioritised improvement plan. The report did not simply list defects. It explained how assessment integrity could be strengthened.

This work aligned with the 2025 validation requirements, including the expectation that validation reviews assessment practices and judgements, that every training product is validated at least once every five years, and that validation uses a risk-based approach to components and sample size.

The case study demonstrates that independent validation is most valuable when it tests the whole assessment system, not only the formatting of tools.

CAQA conducted a mock audit and gap analysis across training and assessment, trainer and assessor evidence, student support, governance and self-assurance. The review tested both documents and implementation evidence. This distinction mattered because regulatory compliance is not established by policies alone. Providers must demonstrate that systems are operating in practice.

CAQA identified gaps, rated them by risk and delivered a corrective action plan. Each finding included the issue, risk level, required action, evidence needed and implementation priority. The provider used this plan to close exposure before the formal assessment.

The provider entered the assessment with a complete evidence base and a documented understanding of where it had previously been exposed. The provider achieved a 100% compliance outcome.

This case study demonstrates the value of independent readiness testing. A mock audit is not intended to comfort the provider. It is intended to reveal weaknesses early enough to correct them.

CAQA began by analysing each issue in the compliance notice. The work identified the relevant regulatory concern, the evidence gap, the corrective action required and the underlying system weakness that had allowed the issue to arise.

CAQA developed a comprehensive rectification plan. The plan addressed each finding, assigned responsibilities, specified evidence requirements, set timeframes and included measures to prevent recurrence. This was important because regulators usually expect providers to do more than correct individual documents. They expect the provider to understand root causes and strengthen systems.

CAQA compiled supporting evidence and documentation, including updated policies, revised procedures, training and assessment records, meeting minutes, registers, staff evidence and continuous improvement records where relevant. CAQA also supported professional communication with the regulator.

The provider submitted a structured rectification response supported by evidence and a plan to prevent recurrence.

This case study shows that a compliance notice should be handled as a system improvement process, not simply a defensive response.

The transition required providers to move beyond static compliance documents. The Standards for RTOs 2025 are organised around quality outcomes in training and assessment, student support, workforce and governance. They require providers to demonstrate that systems are current, implemented, monitored and improved over time.

CAQA reviewed each provider’s existing framework, including policies, procedures, templates, training and assessment strategies, validation processes, trainer evidence, student support systems, risk registers, industry engagement records and continuous improvement tools.

CAQA then mapped current practice to the new standards and identified gaps. Policies and procedures were updated, but the work went further. CAQA designed self-assurance systems with monitoring schedules, internal review activities, evidence collection, risk reporting, management review, continuous improvement registers and accountability mechanisms.

The providers moved onto current, defensible frameworks with working self-assurance systems. This gave them a stronger basis for demonstrating compliance under an outcomes-based model.

This case study demonstrates that standards transition is not a document conversion exercise. It is a governance and quality assurance exercise.

The provider needed resources aligned to training product requirements and current standards, but it also wanted flexibility. Its learners had different backgrounds, delivery occurred across different modes, and trainers needed practical examples that reflected real workplace situations.

CAQA supplied editable learner guides, assessment workbooks, assessor guides, mapping documents, case studies, simulated workplace activities and supporting templates. The resources were aligned to the relevant training products and designed to support valid assessment.

CAQA then supported the provider through contextualisation. This included incorporating workplace examples, simulated environments, organisation-specific terminology, learner support considerations and delivery mode adjustments. CAQA ensured that customisation did not remove required evidence or weaken assessment validity.

The provider deployed compliant, contextualised resources across its delivery. Trainers gained greater confidence, learners received more relevant materials and the RTO had stronger evidence of alignment.

This case study demonstrates the difference between resource supply and resource implementation. Good resources must be compliant, but they must also be adapted properly to the provider’s learners, industry context and delivery strategy.

RPL should not be a shortcut or an informal conversation. It is an assessment process that must determine whether a person’s prior learning and experience meet the requirements of the training product. Under the Standards for RTOs 2025, students must be supported to seek RPL, and decisions must be evidence-based, fair, transparent, consistent and preserve training product integrity.

CAQA developed a compliant RPL kit structured around the relevant training product requirements. The kit included applicant information, self-assessment tools, evidence guides, third-party evidence guidance, workplace evidence examples, assessor instructions, competency mapping and decision-recording tools.

The assessment system was redesigned to help assessors make consistent and defensible decisions. Evidence was mapped to elements, performance criteria, performance evidence, knowledge evidence and assessment conditions. Where evidence was insufficient, the system allowed for supplementary questioning, practical demonstration or further evidence collection.

The provider gained a robust RPL pathway that met its obligations and served applicants efficiently. Applicants received clearer guidance, assessors received stronger tools and the RTO improved its audit readiness.

This case study demonstrates that RPL works best when it is both applicant-friendly and assessment-rigorous.

The Standards for RTOs 2025 require providers to review prospective students’ skills and competencies before enrolment, including language, literacy, numeracy and digital literacy, and to provide advice about suitability. They also require access to training support, reasonable adjustment where appropriate, inclusive learning environments and wellbeing support.

CAQA provided an LLND kit that the provider customised to its cohort, qualifications and delivery mode. The kit supported early identification of learner needs, digital capability checks, support planning, reasonable adjustment records, referral processes and evidence collection.

CAQA also connected the work to CAQA LLND support services. CAQA LLND offers services designed to build Language, Literacy, Numeracy, Digital and Employability Skills across education and workplace settings, including resource development, consultancy, assessment and training services. For RTOs, CAQA LLND supports LLND validation and compliance, audit preparation, foundation skills mapping, ready-to-use learning materials and customised training and assessment resource development.

The provider strengthened its learner support system and its ability to evidence LLND practice. Learners benefited because support needs were identified earlier and addressed more consistently.

This case study demonstrates that LLND is not a standalone test. It should be embedded into enrolment, suitability advice, training, assessment, reasonable adjustment, support planning and continuous improvement.

In this case, a prospective buyer engaged CAQA to conduct a compliance appraisal before purchasing an RTO. The buyer wanted to know whether the provider’s registration, systems, scope, student records, assessment practices, staff evidence and governance arrangements were sound.

Purchasing an RTO carries significant risk. A provider may appear attractive because it has current registration, a broad scope, student numbers or market presence. However, hidden issues can exist beneath the surface: incomplete trainer evidence, weak validation, inadequate assessment tools, poor student records, unresolved compliance notices, inaccurate marketing, weak governance or financial risk.

CAQA conducted a comprehensive due diligence audit examining compliance, performance, financial and governance risk indicators. The review tested whether the RTO’s claimed position was supported by evidence. It also considered whether identified risks could affect purchase price, transaction conditions, indemnities, post-acquisition rectification costs or future regulatory exposure.

The buyer received an independent appraisal that surfaced hidden risk before the transaction proceeded.

This case study demonstrates why RTO acquisition due diligence must be specialist. A general commercial review will not usually identify assessment, trainer evidence, scope, student record and regulatory exposure issues. CAQA’s due diligence process gives buyers a clearer understanding of what they are actually acquiring.

In this case, a new provider engaged CAQA to support its initial RTO registration application. The provider needed a structured application pathway and a complete evidence base aligned with regulator expectations for new applicants.

CAQA developed a customised application plan. This identified the proposed scope, required training and assessment strategies, learner and assessment resources, trainer and assessor documentation, facilities, equipment, student support arrangements, governance systems, industry engagement processes and continuous improvement framework.

CAQA prepared compliant training and assessment materials, developed trainer and assessor documentation, built continuous improvement and industry engagement systems, and prepared policies and procedures. The work was designed not only to support the application, but also to prepare the provider to operate after registration.

The Data Provision Requirements confirm that applicants may be required to provide training and assessment strategies, evidence of trainer and assessor credentials, vocational competency, current industry skills, access to staff, facilities, equipment and training and assessment materials, as part of registration-related information provision.

The provider submitted a complete, well-evidenced application and was equipped to operate compliantly from the outset.

This case study shows that initial registration should be treated as operational readiness, not form completion.

An organisation engaged CAQA to develop and support the accreditation of a specialised course. The client had identified a real training need but required assistance to turn that need into a structured, compliant accredited course.

CAQA supported the course design process. This included defining the course purpose, intended cohort, vocational outcomes, structure, duration, delivery approach, assessment requirements and pathway considerations. CAQA also reviewed whether existing training products already addressed the need, because accredited courses should not unnecessarily duplicate existing products.

CAQA then developed the units, including titles, application, elements, performance criteria, foundation skills, performance evidence, knowledge evidence and assessment conditions. Assessment requirements were designed to support valid, fair, flexible and reliable assessment.

The accreditation documentation was prepared in line with the relevant standards for accredited courses. It included the rationale, evidence of need, course structure, unit details, assessment requirements, consultation evidence and compliance mapping.

The organisation gained a compliant accredited course ready for delivery.

This case study demonstrates that course accreditation requires both educational design and regulatory discipline. A strong accredited course is not just a good idea. It must be evidence-based, structured, assessable and capable of quality delivery.

The provider needed to understand the application requirements, supporting documentation, quality assurance arrangements and frameworks expected of a higher education provider. CAQA drew on experience across universities, TAFEs, higher education providers and vocational education organisations.

Higher education provider registration requires a substantial institutional evidence base. The higher education regulator confirms that applications must be made through the approved online application form, include all requested information, and that initial registration applications in the Institute of Higher Education category must be accompanied by an application for accreditation of at least one course of study. Guidance also confirms that a self-assurance report is an opportunity for a provider to articulate and evidence the effectiveness of its self-assurance systems in relation to its operational context and course accreditation application.

CAQA supported the provider to develop governance documentation, academic governance frameworks, quality assurance systems, course approval processes, student support arrangements, academic integrity controls, assessment and moderation procedures, risk management processes and continuous improvement systems.

The work helped the organisation move from aspiration to evidence. Instead of preparing disconnected policies, the provider developed a more coherent institutional framework that could support higher education delivery.

The organisation progressed a structured, well-evidenced application.

This case study demonstrates that higher education provider applications require institutional maturity. Providers must show not only that they intend to deliver higher education, but that they have the governance, academic oversight, quality systems, resources and evidence required to do so responsibly.